What physiological change is NOT typically influenced by adrenaline?

Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone released by the adrenal glands that plays a significant role in the body's fight-or-flight response. One of its primary functions is to prepare the body for immediate physical action in response to stress. As a result, adrenaline leads to several physiological changes.

Increased heart rate, heightened blood circulation, and enhanced carbohydrate metabolism are all typical responses to adrenaline release. When adrenaline is present, heart rate increases to pump more blood to essential organs and muscles, ensuring they receive adequate oxygen and nutrients for heightened physical performance. Blood circulation is enhanced as blood vessels dilate and constrict, directing blood flow toward vital areas. Adrenaline also stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, promoting enhanced carbohydrate metabolism for energy.

In contrast, a decrease in breathing rate is not a response to adrenaline. Under stress, the breathing rate typically increases to supply more oxygen to the blood, facilitating higher physical energy levels required for any immediate action. Therefore, it is correct to identify decreased breathing rate as a physiological change that is NOT influenced by adrenaline.